0. Introduction
CMR.4 has been superseded by CMR.5 (described in supp. D). The material herein has been retained only for reference and includes details on translation from LMR (supp. F). The only omission from CMR.5 is the recorded wind speed. Because of rounding in the calculation of coded U and V, it can be only approximated by (U2 + V2)1/2.
Table E0-1 gives the internal structure of each CMR.4 report. Except for the differences given there and in sec. 1, CMR.4 is identical to CMR.5.
# Field Description True value Units* Base Coded Bits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location 1 BOX10 10° box 1≤648** 1*** 0 same 10 2 MONTH 1≤12 1 0 same 4 3 BOX2 2° box 1≤16202 1 0 same 14 4 YEAR 1800≤2054 1 1799 1≤255 8 5 DAY 1≤31 1 0 same 5 6 HOUR 0≤23 1 -1 1≤24 5 7 X lon (from BOX2 0≤2.0 0.1° -1 1≤21 5 8 Y lat SW corner) 0≤2.0 0.1° -1 1≤21 5 ----- sub-total 56 Temperature 9 S sea surface temperature -5.0≤40.0 0.1°C -51 1≤451 9 10 BI bucket indicator 0≤2 1 -1 1≤3 2 11 A air temperature -88.0≤58.0 0.1°C -881 1≤1461 11 12 DP dew point depression 0≤70.0 0.1°C -1 1≤701 10 13 TI temperature indicator 0≤5 1 -1 1≤6 3 ----- sub-total 35 Wind 14 W wind speed 0≤102.2 0.1 m s-1 -1 1≤1023 10 15 WI wind speed indicator 0≤1 1 -1 1≤2 2 16 U eastward component -102.2≤102.2 0.1 m s-1 -1023 1≤2045 11 17 V northward component -102.2≤102.2 0.1 m s-1 -1023 1≤2045 11 18 DI direction indicator 0≤5 1 -1 1≤6 3 ----- sub-total 37 Pressure and clouds 19 P sea level pressure 870.0≤1074.6 0.1 mb 8699 1≤2047 11 20 C total cloud amount 0≤9 1 -1 1≤10 4 21 NH lower cloud amount 0≤9 1 -1 1≤10 4 22 CL low cloud type 0≤10 1 -1 1≤11 4 23 H cloud height 0≤10 1 -1 1≤11 4 24 HI cloud height indicator 0≤1 1 -1 1≤2 2 25 CM middle cloud type 0≤10 1 -1 1≤11 4 26 CH high cloud type 0≤10 1 -1 1≤11 4 ----- sub-total 37 Misc. 27 ST ship type 0≤7 1 -1 1≤8 4 28 PW present weather 0≤99 1 -1 1≤100 7 29 CD card deck 0≤999 1 -1 1≤1000 10 ----- sub-total 21 30 CK checksum n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 ----- total 192 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * "Units" gives the smallest increment of the data that has been encoded. Thus a change of one unit in the integer coded value represents a change in the true value of one of the units shown. ** m≤n denotes "from m through n inclusive." *** Units of 1 are explained in the text. ___________________
1. Fields
All fields in CMR.4 are identical in content with the corresponding fields in CMR.5, except for the following:
14) W wind speed
Wind speed is stored in tenths of a meter per second.
30) CK checksum
A checksum was computed and stored with each report as a measure of
reliability during storage and transmission. The checksum is computed
by
INTEGER CK,J,FIELD(29),CKS CK = 0 DO 500 J = 1,29 500 CK = CK + FIELD(J) CK = MOD(CK, 63) IF (CK .NE. CKS) THEN PRINT *,'ERROR. CK = ',CK,' .NE. CKS = ',CKS STOP ENDIF
Note that using modulus 26 - 1 takes into account every bit of CK, versus chopping at the sixth bit using modulus 26.
2. Translation of LMR.5 into CMR.4
Two separate translations of LMR.5 into CMR.4 were actually performed, resulting in two slightly different versions of the data, both stored as CMR.4. The first version was used to compute the untrimmed monthly and decadal summaries. Subsequently, a few errors in LMR (or in translation from LMR) were fixed in a second version of the data prior to its use in generating the trimmed summaries. Given here are rules for the first translation, followed by comments and differences in the second translation.
2.1 First Translation
The CMR set contains only reports with a dup status less than three; i.e., all possible dups have been deleted. Refer to supp. K for more information on dup status, and supp. J for a definition of the following quality control flags.
Because of the format similarities, very little action was required in translating individual fields from LMR into CMR. Fields whose CMR writeup number follows required one of three different types of action in translation. First, some fields do not exist in LMR and were computed. Second, some field bit-lengths are shorter in CMR; those values that do not map into the reduced bit-length are termed "outliers." Third, since no room is available in CMR for quality control flags, a selection of flags was used to eliminate erroneous data.
Out of the first eight fields, only DAY and HOUR may be missing; otherwise the report was discarded altogether. Other missing fields were transferred without change; this implicitly discarded a present weather, pressure, air, dew point, or sea surface temperature with Flag M (data so garbled that they would not fit into the regular section of LMR). Otherwise, extant data were included subject to the following conditions:
3) BOX2 2° box number
Computed. Because of the 30° offset and the polar conventions,
BOX10-1 and -648 contain 26 BOX2, e.g., BOX10-1 contains BOX2 numbers
1, 17, 18, ....
7) X longitude
8) Y latitude
Position measured from BOX2 lower-left (SW) corner.
9) S sea surface temperature
Flag Q or outlier discarded.
10) BI bucket indicator
There were no outliers defined.
11) A air temperature
Flag Q, N, or outlier discarded.
12) DP dew point depression
Flags Q and N (of dew point temperature), missing or discarded A, or
outlier after computation of DP discarded.
13) TI temperature indicator
There were no outliers defined.
14) W wind speed
15) WI wind speed indicator
16) U vector wind eastward component
17) V vector wind northward component
For WI, no distinction was made between meters per second and knots.
Thus 2 in LMR translated into 0 in CMR and 3 translated into 1. Table
E2-1 gives the wind flag values possible at different W and wind
direction D, with the action taken for each flag in translation.
Wind direction Wind speed 1°≤D≤360° 361(calm) 362(variable) Missing Illegal ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (D=361) (D=361) (D=361) W=0 m s-1 A,J, or M R or J A or J A or J M (U,V)=0 (U,V)=0 (U,V)=0 (U,V)=0 (W) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (D=362) (D=362) 0.1≤W≤3.1 R or J A or J R or J A or J M (U,V) (W) (W) (W) (W) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (D=360°) 3.2≤W≤102.2 R or J A or J J M M (U,V) (U,V) (W) (W) (W) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (W=0 m s-1) Missing M A or J M S M (U,V)=0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Illegal M M M M M ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * The change made so that the direction D and speed W would be consistent is given above some flags; Flag A is always one of these. Beneath each flag is the resulting (U,V), W if only it results, or blank if all are missing. The Flag M in the upper-left corner is an exception because for it all of (U,V) and W become missing, whereas for Flag A or J the rules are as stated. Besides this exception, any 0≤W≤102.2 m s-1 is accepted; this is more restrictive than the Flag Q, and accepts four other Flags M. ______________________
19) P sea level pressure
Flag Q discarded.
After the aforementioned field discards had been made these further restrictions were applied: indicators referring to discarded data were discarded, and any report with no extant data besides the location, ship type, and card deck was discarded altogether.
2.2 Second Translation
Only differences from the first translation, or comments on the impact of changes to LMR are presented. Otherwise the translation process was the same.
11) A air temperature
Under certain conditions, some (source Exchange) HSST air temperatures
had been inadvertently overwritten by barometric tendency during QC.
This was fixed before the second translation, but the untrimmed
summaries of air temperature were contaminated to an unknown extent.
In addition, this error had unknown side-effects on the computation of
dew point depression.
12) DP dew point depression
GTS data carry dew point temperature DPT rounded to 1°C and air
temperature A to 0.1°C. At or near saturation a rounded DPT might
exceed A, causing A and DP to be discarded in the first translation
because A and DPT were flagged N. Other small computational problems,
such as roundoff errors in Australian (deck 900) and (source Exchange)
HSST negative DPT, had a similar effect. These problems all biased the
untrimmed summaries, particularly against saturation DP, to an unknown
extent. To fix them, QC was changed to give 0.5°C tolerance on all N
tests among the temperatures, and the computation of DP was changed to
yield zero for -0.5 ≤ A - DPT < 0.