Contents

We are grateful to Vera Hebert and to Beverly O'Donnell for assistance in preparations for the workshop, and for helping all the participants with their travel needs and attending to many other logistical details. Craig Anderson helped with the editing process, which involved converting all of the individual manuscripts and styles to a uniform standard. We also thank Klaus Wolter and Scott Woodruff for careful reviews of the final volume of manuscripts.

The workshop was generously suppported by the Institut für Meereskunde of the University of Kiel, Germany, through a grant from the German Research Foundation project titled "Warmwatersphere of the Atlantic Ocean," and by a grant from the NOAA Office of Global Programs. The editors gratefully acknowledge their continuing support.

Acknowledgments
Workshop Participants
Preface

Part I. Background Papers

• The Importance of COADS Winds for Understanding Climate Change
  (J. O. Fletcher)
• COADS Project Report I: Update Plans and Unresolved Issues
  (S. D. Woodruff)
• COADS Project Report II: Early Data Digitization and United States Code History
  (J. D. Elms)

Part II. Evaluation of Long-Term Changes

• Near-Global MSLP Since 1871: A Source for COADS Wind Validation
  (R. J. Allan)
• Marine Surface Winds Changes During 1978-1992: An Estimation Based on COADS
  (H. F. Diaz, X. Quan and C. Fu)
• Trends in Marine Surface Wind Speed: Ocean Weather Stations versus Voluntary Observing Ships
  (H.-J. Isemer)
• Testing Winds Against Other Variables from COADS
  (D. V. Hansen and H. F. Bezdek)
• Dynamical Constraints for the Analysis of Sea Level Pressure and Surface Winds Over the World Ocean
  (Y. Kushnir and A. Kaplan)
• Near-Surface Wind, SLP and SST: Some Inter-relationships and a Set of Corrections for Wind Trends 1949-1988
  (M. N. Ward)

Part III. Accuracy of Wind Measurements

• Comparison of COADS Winds with SNMC Climatology and Measurements in the North Atlantic
  (S. K. Gulev)
• The Accuracy of Wind Observations from Ships
  (P. K Taylor, E. Kent, M. Yelland, and B. Moat)
• On problems using archived marine wind data: The relation between Beaufort estimations, encoded wind speeds, and real wind speeds
  (H. Schmidt)
• Standard Error Estimation of COADS Monthly Mean Winds
  (M. L. Morrissey and J. A. Maliekal)
• Effects of Different Wind Stress Climatologies on the North Atlantic Circulation: Model results
  (C. W. Böning)

Part IV. Applications and Data Improvements

• Use of COADS Wind Data in Wave Hindcasting and Statistical Analysis
  (V. R. Swail)
• Scales of Coastal Wind Variability Addressed by COADS Wind Summaries in 2^o Square Areas
  (F. A. Godshall, H. A. Walker and S. C. Cayula)
• Wind Speed Discontinuity Related to Beaufort Wind Observations and Its Influences on Latent Heat Flux
  (Z. Wu and K. Li)
• A New Beaufort Equivalent Scale
  (R. Lindau)
• Time Dependent Calibration of Marine Beaufort Estimates Using Individual Pressure Differences
  (R. Lindau)
• Toward a Revised Beaufort Equivalent Scale
  (A. M. da Silva, C. C. Young and S. Levitus)
• The Effect of a Revised Beaufort Equivalent Scale on Momentum and Heat Fluxes over the Global Oceans
  (C. C. Young, A. M. da Silva and S. Levitus)